First European Conference for Information Technology in Agriculture

ABSTRACTS AND FULL PAPERS

(Ordered alphabetically by first author)

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• Decision Support Models for the Design of Animal Husbandry and Plant Production Procedures
  Ackermann, I. & R. Schlauderer
  Abstract: An agricultural system which conserves natural resources and operates on an economically sound basis needs decision support on the management level. Therefore models dealing with the choice and design of plant and animal production procedures are being developed at the ATB. A characteristic feature of these models is the simultaneous consideration of environmental substance flows and economic information. Physical data aggregated to environmental impact groups, supplemented for important segments by the estimation of environmental costs, are available as decision-making parameters in addition to economic data.
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• A Dynamic Modelling of the Reproductive Process of Zea Mayze
  Alexieva, S., I.A. Stoimenova & A.G. Mikova
  Abstract: The interrelation between the productivity of Zea mayze and the increasing of it's generative organs during the phenological phase tasseling - milky ripeness, as far as the dependence of this reletion on some factors influencing crop growth, provide a basis for a quantity analisis left to this work. The potential yield of the used hybrid was the only parametric index from the stock of the growth limiting factors, which take part in the analysis. As variables we used: duration of the indicated phenological phase; sum of effective temperatures; precipitation; the increase of maize dry biomass for this period as far as the content of the amonium and nitrate nitrogen in the soil. The interrelation between these factors gave us a real possibility to determine the function of the reproductive growth and to prognosticate the yield.
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• GIS Applications in Agriculture Environmental and Land Information System (E.L.I.S.)
  Arnoldi, E. & G. Zampedri
  Abstract: Since 1990 the Autonomous Province of Trento has been equipped with a GIS technology-based Environmental and Land Information System (E.L.I.S.). This system consists of operating units stationed by the structures which use territorial data, one of which is at the Agricultural Department. The poster illustrates the most significant information levels: of more general interest (country road system, irrigation networks, limits of the land improvement associations, meteorology, delimitation of disadvantaged areas, etc.) or of more specific interest (plant disease monitoring, agricultural land use, surveys and mapping for the technical and administrative controls of various improvement systems, etc.).
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• Using Extended Machine Learning and Simulation Technics to Design Crop Management Strategies
  Attonaty, J.-M., M.-H. Chatelin, F. Garcia & S. Ndiaye
  Abstract: An analysis of the different applications of a simulation tool for winter wheat crop management previously developped has outlined the difficulties encountered by crop production plan engineers in designing strategies that diverge from those currently used. We present in this paper an Exploration Support System we are currently developing that is based on reinforcement learning and genetic algorithm technics. It defines interesting strategies in an incremental manner, and appears to be a promising approach to assist users to explore a wider range of solutions.
  http://www-bia.inra.fr
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• Internet Distribution of Full-Text, Structured Information on the Small Ruminant Dairy Sector: Presentation of CIRVAL's Information System
  Aventurier, P. & J.-P. Dubeuf
  Abstract: Remote and not well-organized, small economic sectors usually have difficulty collecting and using information. However, this is a very important factor in dynamic development. Goat and sheep are good examples of this situation. The International Resource Centre for the Development of Small Ruminant Dairy Sector Information (CIRVAL) aims at organizing the co-operative use of available resources and developing a relationship between operators and organizations. This will create the necessary synergy to disseminate relevant information in this sector. CIRVAL has undertaken studies on the potential use of new media technologies, especially the Internet. Two methods of communication have been developed: A WEB site which introduces the Centre and current information on the dairy sectors. A Specific System for distributing structured expert information. It contains original, downloadable documents and comments prepared by experts. Unfortunately many organizations interested in the CIRVAL system, especially in Mediterranean countries, are not yet on-line. For this reason CIRVAL has also developed a CD-ROM version of that system.
  http://www.cirval.asso.fr
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• Multiagent System for Determination of Optimal Hybrid for Seeding
  Badjonski, M. & M. Ivanovic
  Abstract: Man expert determines suitable hybrid for seeding in four steps. General ES prototype is built in the same method, using agent-oriented approach. The knowledge base consists of several agents. Agents communicate using their language and update their internal beliefs, until solution is reached. General prototype is being used for creation ES prototype for determination of optimal maize hybrid for seeding.
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• A Hypermedia Digital Library for the Education and Extension Training of Greek Beekeepers
  Batzios, C., M. Salampasis, V.D. Liakos, J. Tait & S. Androulidakis
  Abstract: In this paper a hypermedia digital library is presented which has been designed and developed to meet the educational needs of Greek beekeepers. These needs are not fulfilled by the current extension services. This lack has identified as one potential reason for the low productivity of the industry in Greece. Five distributed hyperbases have been produced covering the main areas on which beekeepers expressed interest. A web authoring tool called HyperTree has been used to help the collaborative authors of the library to effectively structure and interconnect the information provided, and to preserve a common interface design thereby making the library more usable.
  http://beekeeping.vet.auth.gr/home.htm
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• DAMOCIA-SIM, a Generic Tool for Radiation Simulation into Mild Winter Region Greenhouses
  Bienvenido, J.F., L. Iribarne, R. Guirado, A. Becerra, F. Rodriguez, R. Ayala & A. Corral
  Abstract: In order to simulate specific greenhouse structures in a general way, DAMOCIA-SIM uses greenhouse definitions and experiment definitions. It incorporates modern IT techniques and tools, with discrete-elements techniques. The simulation process is divided into independent phases, with alternative processes. The different transformations are executed by connective independent modules. Processes are managed by a special Handler. The tool features an overall multiagent architecture. Mathematical models include external-internal radiation, plastic response, shading and canopy effect. The tool generates radiation maps in the specified greenhouses, used to evaluate several passive structures.
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• The Use of Expert Systems for Pig Farms Advisory
  Bourgeat, E. & O. Lapierre
  Abstract: Eliscope and Swinytec' are two expert systems applied to pig farm diagnosis. They are supporting the advisors in their activity. We discuss different topics dealing with their use. The conditions of their adaptation to the practical conditions of the advisory activity are studied. After that, we show that these expert systems modify the way advisors are managing their relationship with the farmers and improve the communication between them. We then concentrate on the competence and motivation of the advisors to use the expert systems.
  http://www.inapg.inra.fr/dsa/cereopa/expert.htm
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• SortInfo: An Information and Decision Support System for Variety Selection
  Bøjer, O.Q., N.S. Murali, B.J.M. Secher & B.D. Boesen
  Abstract: Selection of a suitable variety is an important step in the farm planning process but the availability of a large number of varieties makes the selection of variety for a given field difficult. Increased demands and legislation on the reduced use of chemical input make the selection even harder. Furthermore, information on varieties is constantly being updated. At DIPS, a project has been initiated in co-operation with the Danish Agricultural Advisory Centre to develop an information and decision support system for selection of varieties. The prototype, developed for Windows 95 using Borland's Delphi and Microsoft Access DBMS, is currently under user test. The final goal is to implement the system on the WWW. In this paper the data flow, system design and database model as well as the user interface in relation to the project goals and requirements is described. The short and long term dissemination strategy and the selection of appropriate IT is also discussed.
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• Precise Computerised Information Technology for Crop Irrigation Scheduling and Fertilising
  Christov, I.D.
  Abstract: Complex scientific basis and software of Information Technology for Crop Irrigation Scheduling and Fertilising are developed and tested on a large scale. New method for soil-crop water status estimating as a whole for the growing season is used. Integrated index L of soil moisture energy levels and crop-stage water susceptibility towards productivity are introduced. Using the Technology, a level L in fields can be created by implementing a specified irrigation schedule obtained in chronological sequence during the season. Equations to calculate the N, P, K-fertilising rates, corresponding to every soil-crop water status created, are developed. Dependencies of crop yield amount and quality on index L are experimentally found out. The Technology application leads to: improved water-fertilisers use efficiency at no current sampling, multi-variant management, and provides new opportunities for both the investigators and the farmers. For sale and putting into practice, please, contact the author, fax: (++3592) 248-937.
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• Characterizing and Simulating a Rotational Grazing Strategy
  Cros, M.-J., M. Duru, F. Garcia & R. Martin-Clouaire
  Abstract: The management of dairy production systems based on rota-tional grazing and maize-concentrate feeding requires a complex looka-head decision making procedure to elaborate a seasonal strategy that is sufficiently robust to uncertainty. In this paper, the problem is charac-terized rather precisely as finding for the late winter to early summer period an appropriate combination of commitments concerning the fields allocated to grazing, those kept just in case of need, the time profile of maize-concentrate distribution, the nitrogen fertilization policy and the field rotation policy. A simulation tool designed to evaluate tentative man-made strategies under given climate scenarios is described.
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• Using Java to Implement Agents in Artificial Ecosystems
  de Souza, K.X.S. & M.A. Nascimento
  Abstract: An Artificial Ecosystem is a self-contained environment populated by independent entities representing some level of organization. Agents implement levels of abstraction representing entities in a system. Agents can also explore parallelism and cooperative work. artificial ecosystems can thus be implemented using agents, where a global pattern is not coded in the agents specifications, but is a result of their interactions. The Java language provides parallel threads of control and runs in a number of very distinct hardware architectures. As such, in this paper we illustrate the suitability of Java to implement artificial ecosystems using the artificial ecosystems paradigm.
  http://www.cnptia.embrapa.br/~kleber/AE
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• Towards Co-Operative Use of Data from Crop Variety Trials
  Dekkers, W.A. & G. Waksman
  Abstract: In a European research project, ADDA, the feasibility of exchange and mutual use of data from trials of crop varieties has been studied as an example of data exchange. Data dictionaries have been compared and numerous small differences were shown. These differences prevent the exchange and common interpretation of data. To facilitate the interchangeability of data two lines of development have been followed: -a theoretical one the ADDA data dictionary; - a technical one the data exchange format SFD. Jointly these approaches enable data transfer between Member States of the agricultural scientific and technical data required by the Commission to meet single market needs and regulations e.g. in the field of variety testing. This paper focuses on the development of the data dictionaries.
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• Information and Decision in Agriculture: How Relevance in Management Diagnosis is Improved by an Expert System
  Del'Homme, B.
  Abstract: This paper describes the experiment of modelizing and computerizing the management diagnosis of a farm carried out by 9 advisory centers with the Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs en Techniques Agricoles de Bordeaux. The tool chosen for computerizing the reasoning process was an expert system based on production rules, on a micro-computer. The authors first describe the aims of the expert system and the methodology used. Then, they draw the following conclusions. Fine-tuning the expert system to bring it up to a professional level requires a specific method of work and a homogenous information system. Moreover, the quality of diagnosis depends on the one hand on the transcription of human reasoning and on the other hand on information used to evaluate references, that is to say standard references and normative references. The authors define these two terms before showing that the relevance of the diagnosis depends on these references. Finally, they try to show that it is possible to improve the definition of a reference as well as the way of using it in order to provide the farmer with a more evolved Information System.
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• The SFD Dataset Browser
  Dindorp, U. & P. Sestoft
  Abstract: The SFD dataset browser is a new tool for viewing and browsing SFD datasets on the World Wide Web, using a standard web-browser such as Netscape Navigator. SFD is a data storage format and associated tools developed for use within agricultural research.
  http://www.dina.kvl.dk/~sestoft/sfdbrowser
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• Tools for Explanation in Bayesian Networks with Application to an Agricultural Problem
  Dittmer, S.L. & F. V. Jensen
  Abstract: We give an overview of a minimal set of tools for explanation in decision problems formulated as Bayesian networks. After an introduction to the Bayesian network paradigm we introduce sensitivity analysis and data conflict analysis as applied to Bayesian networks. Finally, we apply these tools to BOBLO, a large Bayesian network for determining the blood group of Jersey cattle.
  http://www.lr.dk/dina.papers/tools.htm
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• University Level Education in Information Technology for Animal Production
  Drobnic, M., M. Kovac, A. Salehar, J. van Milgen, D. Kompan & S. Malovrh
  Abstract: Two university level courses and permanent education on information technology in animal production are described. »Computer tools in animal production« is a 75 hour advanced course teaching about information technology (IT) in animal production. It gives the students an insight into a variety of software tools that can be utilized in the field of animal production. Topics include databases and farm management applications, the Internet and WWW, and simulation modelling. The course »Swine science« makes extensive use of IT in the educational process. Permanent education seminars for extension service personnel, farm management personnel, and secondary school teachers are presented.
  http://agri.bfro.uni-lj.si
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• EPROS, a System to Store, Retrieve and Analyse Data of Field Trials
  Duijnhouwer, R. & W.A. Dekkers
  Abstract: A system has been developed by PAV to guide the retrieval, storage and analysis of data of field experiments. Use is made of a relational database to store experimental design, experimental conditions, description of variables and data. This database contains also derived variables and the way to calcu-late them. The interface between the database and a statistical package enables a statistical analysis of the data. Special attention is paid to the genera-tion of reports. This makes the package very suited to store, process and report variety trials. Results of the project were used in the ADDA project.
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• ADAS Intranet
  Fairbank, P.M.
  Abstract: This paper addresses the user requirements of a corporate information system. It focuses on the design criteria of the system and the steps taken to design and build a Corporate Intranet. A review of the potential benefits of the Intranet is included.
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• Cost-Benefit Analysis on GIS Applications for Agricutural Local Extension Services
  Fais, A. & G. Bonati
  Abstract: This work has the main objective to determine the economical and technical convenience of GIS applications in agriculture with a bottom-up approach. It is also a contribution to defining the expected benefits to take into account in GIS applications on local scale in extension services.
  http://www.inea.it/cartografia/page.html
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• Integrating Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence: An Application for Total Quality Management in Dairy Companies
  Fonseca Filho, A.A., A.B. da Silva & J.B.P. Chaves
  Abstract: In order to assist managers in implementing total quality management (TQM) programs in dairy companies, an integrated system has been developed. Divided in three modules, it combines the technologies of multimedia and artificial intelligence to provide support in the form of hypertext tutorials, dynamic information retrieval and expert diagnosis. The first module presents tutorials on TQM concepts and implementation processes. The second supports the identification of control items for a variety of dairy product processing lines and assists managers in the diagnosis of cleaning and sanitation problems, also referring to the applicable legislation, when warranted. A third module still under development analyses current quality control practices followed by users. Preliminary evaluations with dairy company managers suggest a strong potential for such systems in increasing TQM awareness and adoption in the sector.
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• The Reference System of the German Agricultural Information Network (DaiNet) as a Central Element of a Modern Information System
  Friedrich, H. & J.M. Pohlmann
  Abstract: The German Agricultural Information Network (DAINet) is the world´s largest reference system in the agricultural area on the Internet. DAINet was established to catalogue and to describe worldwide existing agriculture information and to make them available to users. This lecture illustrates the organization of DAINet and the redundant developmental structure of the system. It also explains the organizational requirements for ZADI in developing DAINet. Beyond that, the article reports about the current focal points of development which guarantee a permanent operation on a long term basis by using modern database technology.
  http://www.dainet.de/zadi
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• Support by Management Systems for Health Care on Pig Farms
  Fuchs, H. & E. Kleinreesink
  Abstract: To improve health care on pig farms, two extra modules for the current management systems have been developed. The health care module offers the pig farmer a continuous insight in the health care situation on his farm by key figures. An important characteristic of the health care module is that much information can be gained by relative little registration. The EDI-I&R module supports the pig farmer on his obligations to report animal transfers to the national system for Identification & Registration (I&R). A standardized electronic message can be created and send to the central I&R-computer.
  http://www.atc.nl/atc.htm
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• The Use of Computer for the Analysis of Input Demand in Farm Management: A Multicriteria Approach to the Diet Problem.
  Gallenti, G.
  Abstract: The aim of this work is to analyse the feeding pigs problem using an operations research model with several conflicting criteria, economic and nutritional. The theoretical approach consists in adapting to producer decisions the modern consumer demand theory, the characteristics approach of Lancaster, which is essentially a multicriteria decision process. In this context the multicriteria decision methods, using a common PC program (Excel), became an operationally simple tool to solve feed formulation problems. The demand of nutrients (protein, fats, crude fibre, etc) to produce an agri-food product of high quality represents a case of study of this research.
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• Comparing Neural Networks and Multivariate Discriminant Analysis in the Selection of New Crop Varieties
  Garcia de Ceca, J.L. & J. Moro
  Abstract: To explore new ways to help the process of selection of new crop varieties, neural networks (NN) and multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA) have been applied with the hope of making the variety selection easier and faster. It can be said that, for our case study, whilst Quadratic MDA has reported results that may be considered of interest, NN has worked better than MDA, mimicking quite acceptably the decision process of the human committee, so that NN could be considered as a support tool in the process of selection of new varieties.
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• ICT Adoption in Agriculture - An Agricultural Software-Review Perspective
  Gelb, E., G. Bonati, J.L. Carel, J.J. Claustriaux, P. Jurgens, S. Lehnert, P. Pasher, J.A.L.M. Kamp, A.M. Mourao, V. Wahl, J. Nicol, J.A. Nunez Butragueno, F. Costa, G. Spoiden & M. Raschas
  Abstract: Commercially available software is a practical indicator of the content and level of ICT adoption. A workgroup from eight countries - currently the Eunita WG B has, since 1990, been reviewing agricultural software - the results were published in FARMSOFT '91 and FARMSOFT '94. During this period agricultural software matured into an ICT dominated market-pull situation characterized by EDI, knowledge based networking and dedicated ICT production systems. During this process marked differences were found in software attributes, identified end-user needs and applications. ICT adoption in the agricultural sector itself is proving to be a non structured process - currently integrating Remote Sensing, GIS, Knowledge Systems, Robotics, Process Control and Information Dissemination - within each country's IT policies and CAP regulations. We expect these trends and the increase in installations to continue.
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• Use of GOSSYM - A Cotton Growth Simulation Model - To Manage a Low Input Cotton Production System in Greece
  Gertsis, A.C., S. Galanopoulou-Sendouca, G. Papathanasiou & A. Symeonakis
  Abstract: A project funded by the European Union, was undertaken in Greece and Spain, to validate and apply GOSSYM - a cotton crop simulation model, for optimising cotton production under the local soil, climatic and cultural conditions. GOSSYM was developed in the USA and is used for research and farm applications. A comprehensive database for model validation and verification was collected in field experiments during three growing seasons in Greece and consisted of weather, soil and crop growth data required for model validation. A realistic approach to achieve a more efficient cotton management system with low inputs was provided.
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• A Biometrical Decision Support System for Estimating Risk Assessments on Releasing Genetically Modified Organisms
  Gliddon, C.J., D.A.M.K. Rasch, K. Schmidt, G.A.M. Schütte, A.B. Sideridis & C.P. Yialouris
  Abstract: In this paper the architecture of a DSS, for the estimation of risk assessment of release of genetically modified organisms in the environment, is described. Details of the modules of the system and the methodology to be applied, for its efficient use in designing experiments and providing the appropriate information to decision makers and researchers, are also given. Sensitive legal issues and ways of liaising this system with national and international Organisations interested in minimising such risks are also discussed.
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• Communication System Barley-Malt-Beer Chain
  Graumans, C.A.M.
  Abstract: An approach for improving the performance of an agricultural production chain is presented. Communication within the barley-malt-beer chain is analyzed from four different angles: feed backwards, feed forwards, product integrity/safety and financial transactions and settlements. For each of these views specific administrative procedures and information flows are defined. Information flows are then translated into one or more information- carriers (standard forms, EDI-messages). A Tillage Information System (TIS) is implemented to support information exchange between farmers and collectors and to process and analyze tillage data. Management information systems for arable farming and a mailbox system are used tot collect and exchange relevant data.
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• Computer-Aided Generation of Risk Functions for Agricultural Modelling and Decision
  Hahn, S.
  Abstract: For including uncertainty in agricultural models, described as risk in form of a likelihood function, it is necessary to quantify risk functions for uncertain inputs and also to generate composed risk coefficients (e.g.. gross margin of winterwheat calculated by help of single risk functions for yield, price and variable costs).The paper shows how different risk tools can help create convenient risk functions by using both empirical data based on the past (a-posteriori) and parameters subjectively set by experts (a-priori). Applying 'risk analysis and simulation add-in Microsoft EXCEL', the generation of input and output risk functions including correlations is also demonstrated. A short conclusion is given for using the generated risk functions as inputs in LP models.
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• Computer Based Information and Report System for the Support of Agricultural Extension - Presentation of a Prototype
  Hautzer, H.-J., R. Helbig & G.W. Schiefer
  Abstract: The number, complexity and rapid change of information in agricultural extension require the development of a computer based information and report system to support agricultural extension. Difficulties in the design of such an information system are based on the complex structure of information requirement, information support and also on the selection of a usable development method. This abstract describes the development process of a modular system, which should support extension tasks regarding Agricultural Promotion Programs as an exemplary field of extension. This system should be integrated into a global concept for a computer based information extension system.
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• A Modelling Framework for Grazing Livestock Farms
  Hutchings, N.
  Abstract: Grazing livestock farms throughout Europe share a number of common biological and physical features. A working group within EUNITA has developed conceptual models to describe these features and to suggest the detail with which they might need to be simulated. The aim is to provide a common conceptual framework and to promote reuse of information. The application of the framework is illustrated with worked examples of two contrasting systems.
  http://www.eclipse.it/EUNITA/WorkingGroups/wgH/
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• Quality Data Services on the Agronet Information Network
  Haavisto, P. & S. Piekkari
  Abstract: The Agronet is an information network of Finnish agriculture and the food sector, providing also scientific and research information. The Agricultural Research Centre of Finland (MTT) introduces its research information by means of the Agronet with MAATTI databases. The content of MAATTI is updated straight form the internal management and profit system of the MTT. The research information of the MTT are searched by a user query from the MAATTI system. The answer page is created only for this individual query and it is not stored. The answer page may have links or search forms also to other databases. This procedure makes feasible the offering of a completely dynamic WWW page entity. This system offers excellent data security because the user never processes the production system himself.
  http://http://www.mtt.fi/yleis/database.html
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• Computer Support of Cereal Protection Technology Using Fungicide ALTO 400 S.C. in Russia
  Ibragimov, T.Z., S.S. Sanin & D. Shelemekh
  Abstract: The develop computer system decision support in cereal crop (wheat, rye, barley) protection against disease using fungicide ALTO 400 s.c. It consist next blocks: Fungicide ALTO 400 s.c., System of Cereal Protection, Technology of Spraying, Methods of Diagnosis and Evaluation, Training. The system makes best decision using following information: level of infection, phenological stage, weather conditions, presence or absence of factors intensifying development of the disease, variety susceptibility to diseases, expected yield, expected purchase price for grain, the fungicide price, costs of treatment and harvest.
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• Acceptation of an Electronic Demand and Supply (EDS) System in the Dutch Flower Supply Chain
  Jahae, I.A.M.A. & M.A.F. Dierckx
  Abstract: Considerable changes in Information Technology (IT) affect activities and organization of enterprises in agriculture. This contribution provides a summary of crucial factors of introducing an electronic demand and supply system (EDS) in the Dutch flower supply chain. Three scenarios were created and discussed in interviews with several participants of the supply chain. An overview is given of relevant aspects related to IT and electronic markets, the perception of potential users of EDS and possible changes in market structure.
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• Pl@nteInfo - Using the Internet for Custom Tailored Crop Information
  Jensen, A.L., I. Thysen, P.S. Boll, J.G. Hansen, B.J.M. Secher & O. Juhl
  Abstract: Pl@nteInfo (www.planteinfo.dk) is an information system for crop production which uses the Internet to supply farmers and agricultural advisors with just-in-time information about risks for diseases, pests, drought etc. The information can be selected on national or regional level, and in some cases it can be tailored to fit the particular situation of the farm by allowing the user to submit farm-specific data.
  http://www.planteinfo.dk/information/publikationer/efita97/
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• Bayesian Networks and Influence Diagrams
  Jensen, F. V.
  Abstract: Bayesian networks are graphical probabilistic models consisting of variables and cause-effect relations between them. Bayesian networks are defined and a couple of agricultural examples are given. It is illustrated how Bayeian networks are used for various tasks like calculating updated probabilities for variables given evidens, calculating probabilities for specific configurations of variables, calculating configurations of maximal probability and analysis for conflicting evidens. Influence diagrams are Bayesian networks augmented with special variables for actions. They are used for calculating optimal strategies for sequences of actions. It is finally shown how the problem of deciding between various information sources can be solved in situations with only one set of action options.
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• Calibration of a Monte Carlo Simulation Model of Disease Spread in Slaughter Pig Units
  Jørgensen, E.
  Abstract: The use of new resampling methods to improve the handling of stochastic simulation models is demonstrated. A Monte Carlo simulation model of disease spread within a slaughter pig herd is used as example. The model parameters reflect the disease spread and comprise, for example infection risk given diseases, and the positioning of the animals. The setting of the prior distribution of the parameters using expert knowledge is complicated, because the expert knowledge is generally based on the resulting dynamics rather than the underlying parameters. The paper shows how the prior distribution of model parameters can be made consistent with the knowledge concerning model output, using methods such as importance sampling and Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. Based on these methods, different management strategies are compared.
  http://www.sp.dk/~ ej/efita.zip
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• Computer Aided Environmental Control to Support Environmental-Management-Systems in Agricultural and Food-industrial Production-Chains
  Kesseler, T. & G.W. Schiefer
  Abstract: The vertical integration of agricultural- and food-industrial process-chains gains importance because of consumer-demand for high quality and non-polluting produced food is increasing. Chain-encompassing process-organizations can contribute to an optimization of the quality characteristics of the products. In this paper a concept of an environmental-management-system in an agricultural- and food-industrial process-chain is developed and presented. The paper concentrates on the design of an opera-tional environmental-information-system (OEIS) and discusses the possibilities of inte-grating the OEIS into an all inclusive computer aided information-system.
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• Information Technologies Used in Extension Services of Some Central and Eastern European Countries, and USA
  Kleps, C. & C.W. Absher
  Abstract: Governments have traditionally taken the dominant role in the provision of agricultural extension services because of the important contribution the agricultural extension sector makes to agricultural development. However, escalating fiscal deficits in many developing countries and, in several cases, problems of poor governance of public programs over the last decade have increasingly redirected attention towards how to make extension more cost effective and responsive to specific farmer needs. To a large extent, this is spurred by the strong global trend towards market liberalization and reinforced by the transition from planned to market economies occurring in Eastern European countries and the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, which has also sharpened the focus on the appropriate roles of the public and private sectors in the economy.
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• Management Means of Technological Processes for Dairy Cattle Farms
  Kosa, J.
  Abstract: For an effective milk production in dairy farms needed is a daily collection and processing of information on a continuously changing technological process in dairy farms. For the tied-up housing dairy farms, effected have been researches on complex technological solutions, including: a rational technological planning; an automatic feed dispensing management system; computer-based farm management system. As a basic conception for technological processes management system accepted are mathematical models of lactation curves for cows with a yield within one lactation from 3 up to 8 thousand kg, what being stored in the PC memory.
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• A Decision Support System for Mechanical Weed Control in Malting Barley
  Kristensen, K. & I.A. Rasmussen
  Abstract: An overview of a decision support system for growing malting barley without use of pesticides is given. One module in this system is the decision support system for mechanical weed control in malting barley. The system is constructed as a Bayesian network. The Bayesian network is used because it gives the possibility to include information on uncertainty in an easily understandable form. The module for weed control describes the relative reduction on the yield and the dry weight of weeds remaining in the field under a variety of conditions. The most important conditions included in the model are the amount of weeds in the spring, different methods of mechanical weed control, the row distance and the application method of nitrogen.
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• Slaughter Pig Marketing Management: Utilization of Highly Biased Herd-Specific Data
  Kure, H.
  Abstract: Data from most slaughter pig operations will normally be highly biased due to selection (censoring) of individual pigs prior to the termination of the individual batch. An animal growth model based on multi variate normal distributions is introduced and used as representation of the state of the herd. Methods for reducing the bias and for updating the Belief in the state of the herd are presented. The methods are based on the EM-algorithm and other methods for bias reduction and on the Kalman filter for belief updating. Models are tested based on simulated data.
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• LandMark
  Lay, J.K.
  Abstract: Landmark software has been designed by farmers for farmers. It has a simple to use interface overlying sophisticated technology and tried and proven applied farm management principals.
  http://www.lm.co.nz
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• Environmental Best Practice Advisory System for Agriculture
  Lewis, K.A., J. Tzilivakis & K.S. Bardon
  Abstract: A computerised informal environmental management system for agriculture is currently being piloted and tested. Based upon the principles of anticipation and prevention the system aims to encourage sound environmental management to ensure that detrimental environmental effects are minimised. The software uses a unique numerical index to assess current performance by comparing actual practices with site specific 'ideal' practices for a wide variety of farm activities. In support of the assessment routines, the system utilises a hypertext information system. Further support is available via a variety of modules allowing exploration of 'what-if?' scenarios to identify cost-effective means of improving performance.
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• The Value of Information in Pig Fattening Enterprises
  Lokhorst, C. & G.D.H. Claassen
  Abstract: In order to determine the value of information on sex, weight and growth characteristics of fattening pigs that must be divided over different pens in a compartment of a pig fattening house the TMV simulation model and the MOM optimization model are used to calculate the technical and economical results of five different scenarios. The scenarios differ both in the way information on sex and weight (mean, distribution) at the start of the fattening period is used, as well as on the actions that are performed by the pig farmer. Compared to a practical situation some 8 % improvement in net returns might be expected when the available information will be used. If the information is combined with specific actions an improvement of even 13 to 16 % should be theoretically possible.
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• SIAM, an Information Service for Maize Growers to Help Choice of Hybrids and Follow-up of their Development
  Lorgeou, J. & G. Waksman
  Abstract: SIAM (acronym for Système d'Information Agro-Météorologique) is a data base which gathers information available about hybrids commercialised in France, including their growth models, together with relevant weather data. The data base is described, and the use of growth models is presented. The use of SIAM data by advisors and maize growers is facilitated thanks to its MINITEL interface, MINITEL being a small terminal distributed by the French national telecommunication operator.
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• An Application for Early Detection of Growth Rate Changes in the Slaughter Pig Production Unit
  Madsen, T.N. & V. Ruby
  Abstract: This contribution describes a new method for monitoring productivity in the slaughter pig production unit. The method is implemented as a stand-alone application, based on data from an existing farm management system. With the new method the amount of information increases from quarterly to weekly estimates of daily gain. By calculating average daily gain each time a group of slaughter pigs is delivered to the slaughterhouse, a time series is made. Among other features, the application allows the user to monitor the time series graphically. Monitoring data from various herds have shown some fluctuation in the series, therefore the user may choose to smoothen the graph by means of a Kalman filter technique.
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• Econometrics or Neural Networks? - A Case Study of Marketing Margins in the Meat Industry in the UK
  Mainland, D.D.
  Abstract: In the UK there is a widening gap between farm-gate and retail prices for red meat and pork products. This study attempts to discover the reasons behind the increase by analysing the determinants that are responsible for the increasing margins. Monthly data which starts from January 1982 and terminates at March 1996 is used, beyond this period the data is seriously distorted by the BSE scare. The predictive ability of econometric and neural network models are compared. Although the results from econometrics were overall better it is argued that a combination of the two methods would be the ideal.
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• EMISP : An Expert Management Information System for Pigs
  Maliappis, M.T., C.P. Yialouris, S.G. Deligeorigis & A.B. Sideridis
  Abstract: In this paper we present the architecture of an integrated management and decision support system which contains expert components dedicated to carry out specific tasks of the daily management in a pig breeding farm. Although these components form a mosaic of various task performing tools, their tight coupling and interaction enables the system to pre-estimate and evaluate the overall farm performance. The system actually tries to optimize the management of the farm, exploiting the numerous information items kept in its databases and interrelating these data with the user's selection of choices provided.
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• The World Agricultural Information Centre (WAICENT) - FAO's Information Gateway
  Mangstl, A., J.R. Judy & F.L.H. Ward
  Abstract: FAO is faced with increasing demands to prepare, manage and disseminate the information that it produces to the widest possible audiences, in the most efficient manner, utilising the latest in technologies, and at less cost. The WAICENT system was created at FAO to bring together and refocus the multiple information related activities, databases and publishing activities of this large multidisciplinary, international institution. This paper describes the single, specific components which make up the World Agricultural Information Centre (WAICENT) at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). WAICENT comprises three principal components which are interactive and complementary: FAOSTAT, for the storage and dissemination of statistical information, FAOINFO, which covers hypermedia information, and FAOSIS which covers very specialised information systems. WAICENT has brought a new strategic information approach to the Organization related to paper versus electronic distribution and dissemination versus central storage. Particular emphasis is given in this paper to the public information initiatives under WAICENT; the specialised information services provided by the various departments of FAO and delivered through WAICENT; and the full-text document storage and retrieval system, which will facilitate and streamline the preparation of textual material for the World Wide Web.
  http://www.fao.org
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• Modelling the Relations in the System Soil - Plant with Petri Net
  Marinova-Garvanska, S. & S.M. Marinov
  Abstract: In many areas the study of the processes and the phenomenon is made not direct but indirect using models. Model - this is representation with mathematical terms of that characteristics which are most importante for the studied object or system. Independent from the existing of several kind of systems to be modelled can be find some common characteristics, which must be described in the used model. The Net immitation models can be used by solving of several kind of problems connected with the relations in the system soil-plant. The Petri Nets are the most used formal system, which give us the possibility to describe the structure and the correlation between the parallel and the concurent processes. The aim of that article is to describe models of some parts from the relations in the systems soil - plant. Manipulating with the model we can have new knowledges for the problems in the system soil - plant without lot of money. The designed computer models allow us to receive in details information of the parameters of the studied system.
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• FMS: A Software Development Environment for Farm Management Systems
  Massruhá, S.M.F.S., C.A.A. Meira, C.R. Costa & R. Fileto
  Abstract: This paper describes a software development environment called FMS. This environment aims to generate farm management applications through a semi-automatic process with decreasing cost as time evolves, providing domain experts with tools for rapid and reliable information gathering about their production process. It is also related the current situation of FMS, as well as the experience acquired with this development and its evolution, attempting to be in pace with the current technological evolution.
  http://www.cnptia.embrapa.br/fms.html
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• Network and Information Technology Related Development at Gödöllo University of Agricultural Sciences, Hungary
  Milankovics, K., J. Seres & L. Podmaniczky
  Abstract: During the last few years computer networks gained a very important role in Hungary. A significant emphasis was, and still is, put on network development all around the country. At the same time Internet applications are used in more and more areas of Agriculture, especially in Agricultural Education and Extension Services. It has been ten years since the first network development began at Gödöllõ University of Agricultural Sciences. Nowadays, large number of teachers, researchers and students use Internet for their work. Several projects have been started aiming to generate more efficient education, research and extension.
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• Possibilities and Limitations for the Usage of Dynamic Agroecosystem Models within Decision Support Systems on Farm Level
  Mirschel, W., A. Schultz, K.-O. Wenkel, R. Delécolle & T. Jadczyszyn
  Abstract: Dynamic agroecosystem models can be used both for supporting operative desicions finding in order to realize agrotechnical measures in plant production and for evaluating the medium- and long-term consequences of possible changes in land use and climate. In this paper the AGROSIM named family of agroecosystem models suitable for answering both questions is briefly represented. The general possibilities to use agroecosystem models for studying the consequences of different agrotechnical measures (N-fertilization, irrigation, pest control) as well as for model integration into farm-level desicion support systems are studied and discussed exemplarily for the winter wheat component model. Finally the possibilities, problems and limitations of agroecosystem model transfer to different European locations (France, Netherlands, Poland, Germany) are investigated and discussed on the basis of model adaptation calculations.
  http://www.zalf.de
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• Implementing Pest and Disease Risk Indices Using a Relational Database
  Murali, N.S. & B.J.M. Secher
  Abstract: At the Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science, models for estimating the risks of development of cereal pests and diseases have been developed and field tested. Models are based on the weather data collected from field weather stations. A MicroSoft Windows 95 program has been developed using Borland's Delphi RAD and Paradox DBMS to implement the models for use by agricultural advisors and farmers. Model procedures and parameters are accessible through the database and thus facilitate easy modification of parameter values and addition of pests and diseases.
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• Conception of an Executive Information System that Provides External Information for the German Dairy
  Müller, H., R. Helbig & G.W. Schiefer
  Abstract: This paper describes the conception of an Executive Information System (EIS) that provides external information for a middle class structured branch. The system is divided into three parts: one for quantitative (hard) information, one for qualitative (soft) information, which is based on the ideas of environmental scanning, and one that supports strategic decision making. The branch used exemplary will be the German dairy.
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• Modelling Estonian Private Farms in Restoration Stage
  Möller, H. & M. Asi
  Abstract: The present article is a summary of the research work carried out at Institute of Agricultural Engineering EAU about private farms production modelling. The objective of the work to compose the methods, computer programmes and required data bases compiling for private farms in re-establishing stage of Estonia.
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• Log Gaussian Cox Processes: A Statistical Model for Analyzing Stand Structural Heterogeneity in Forestry
  Møller, J., A.R. Syversveen & R.P. Waagepetersen
  Abstract: The appealing properties of planar Cox processes directed by a log Gaussian intensity process have recently been investigated in a longer joint paper by the authors. The purpose of this contribution is to llustrate this by an example of application in forestry.
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• Systematic Operation Programmes for the Improvement of Mink Management Distributed on the WWW
  Møller, S.H.
  Abstract: A Systematic Operation Programme (SOP) systematises the management in a production period by describing all relevant management routines as a set of periods in which observed situations release actions. Mink production is characterised by annual cycles of highly different production periods with regard to length, management and labour intensity. Consequently, experience is gained slowly and stepwise. To meet the needs for transfer of knowledge, SOPs for the short labour intensive mating and nursing periods have been developed and tested on commercial farms. In order to distribute the SOPs effectively in terms of availability, updating, tailoring and cost, they have been published on the WWW.
  http://www.sh.dk/~shm/sopintro.htm
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• Databases at the Heart of Web-based Document Repositories
  Nielsen, H.K.
  Abstract: Today, most tools for web-based information systems focus on the creation and delivery of content and, unfortunately, not very much on management aspects. Consequently, the creation of html-documents and serving documents to users worldwide have evolved into simple routines whereas managing a huge number of documents and document links is a non- trivial task. This paper will introduce databases as a valuable tool for managing content. By registering in a database objects like documents, applets, database records and scripts as well as their interrelations, the possibility of efficient content management is greatly improved. As a result, object management, link management and document versioning are essentially straightforward database operations.
  http://www.lr.dk/
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• Farm Decision Information Costs and Returns Revisited
  Nuthall, P.L.
  Abstract: With the explosion of computer technology there has been a major effort put into farm management decision aid research and development. Too much of this work has ignored the basic costs and returns of the information provided. The farmer will determine which systems are useful to their decision making as shown by the software and systems used. A review of farmers' views on the economics of farm computers, particularly in New Zealand, is provided. Reference is also made to studies in other countries. As information provision is closely related to computer technology, farm computer adoption rates are reviewed. This is an important test of the value of information. Farmers' conclusions on the data and information to collect must be a very personal decision that will be different for each case.
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• The Rural Business Network in the UK
  Offer, A.L.
  Abstract: The Rural Business Network is a joint venture between ADAS, the National Farmer's Union (NFU) and the Country Landowner's Association (CLA). The aim is to provide a communication and information network for all Rural industries and interests in the UK and beyond. This paper will describe the development of this network from conception to press launch in December 1996. The further development and expansion of the system up to June 1997 will also be covered.
  http://www.adas.co.uk
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• The ADAS Business Recording System (ABRS)
  Offer, A.L.
  Abstract: It has long been recognised in the UK and elsewhere that the greatest barrier to successful farm business extension work is the poor quality of most farm derived performance data. This paper will describe the development of a simple computer system designed to collect good quality financial performance data about a farm business and to present it in a format suitable for extension workers to use.
  http://www.adas.co.uk
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• IT implications of Teleworking for Extension Workers
  Offer, A.L. & C.I. Houseman
  Abstract: ADAS has undergone an extensive programme of re-organisation over the last two years, to enable it to meet increasingly stringent cost recovery targets. Over 400 staff are now field based. Significant savings have been achieved and most staff find the flexibility attractive. This paper considers the technical and organisational issues involved in teleworking for extension workers.
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• An Integrated Decision Support System for Management of Winter Wheat
  Olesen, J.E., L. Pedersen, S. Christensen, B.J.M. Secher & J. Petersen
  Abstract: A decision support system for crop management of winter wheat has been designed using CommonKADS and an object-oriented design methodology. The system contains a plan for the field management operations. The consequen ces (economic and environmental indicators) of a plan is estimated using a simulation model. The model will be run using different sets of weather conditions to estimate the variability about the mean of the various indicators. The indicator values for a range of model runs are used to optimise dose of specific input factors (nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides) and to rank different plans for selection by the user.
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• A Preliminary Study for Constructing a Computational Procedure for Nematodes Identification Based on Morphological Aspects
  Palhares de Melo, L.A.M. & R.C. Bastos
  Abstract: Nematodes are vermiform animals of long and thin body and slender at the two extremities. They have great economic importance because many are plant parasitic and very difficult to erradicate once established in the soil. A prerequisite to combating their agricultural impact is correct identification of species. We present a preliminary study for constructing a computational procedure for nematode identification (in terms of taxonomic classification) based on morphological aspects of various organs (stylet, ovary, tail, esophagus, etc). The procedure is an artificial intelligent application involving concepts of computer vision and pattern recognition (an automated system that visually recognizes nematode's structures).
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• Improving the Uptake of Decision Support Systems in Agriculture
  Parker, C.G. & S. Campion
  Abstract: In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the potential of decision support tools for crop production. Attempts to provide such tools in the past 10 years have met with limited success. There are many inherently useful, scientifically valid, model-based tools currently gathering dust due to a lack of farmer interest. This paper discusses reasons for failure and explores the possibility that the adoption of a user centred design approach would overcome previously observed problems. A simple method for incorporating user requirements into this type of software, within the scope of the average research budget, is proposed
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• An IMIS-DSS for Vegetable Production in Plastic-Covered Greenhouses
  Passam, H.C., A.B. Sideridis & C.P. Yialouris
  Abstract: This paper presents an IMIS-DSS for the cultivation of vegetable crops in low tech greenhouses. It comprises: (1) a Diagnostic Expert System (DES) for the identification of the principal pests, diseases and nutritional disorders of six common vegetable crops (aubergine, bean, cucumber, lettuce, pepper and tomato) and provides guidance for their control, (2) a Control Expert System (CES) for the irrigation, fertilisation and aeration of one of these crops (tomato) based on its known physiological requirements and local climatic conditions, (3) an information presentation package to provide decision support for the grower in respect of cultivation practices such as soil sterilisation, plant propagation, planting dates, harvest etc., and (4) a market presentation module, incorporating the quality requirements of the European Union, to provide decision support for the packaging and market presentation of produce. In its present form the CES assists the grower to make critical decisions for the cultivation of his crops, while the DES aids the diagnosis and treatment of pests, diseases and disorders. Produce quality is thus improved and economy in fertiliser and water usage achieved.
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• The Danish Integrated Farm Management System
  Pedersen, H.H., E. Maegaard & N. Block
  Abstract: The Integrated Farm Management System is a PC-based system for economic and production management of farms. The system is integrated in the sense that the management tools for all relevant production branches are combined into one system with a common database and a common user interface. The development and marketing of the system are carried out by the Danish agricultural advisory service. The system is used by approximately 6,000 Danish farmers. The major part of the advisers in Denmark also use the system and this means that it is used for management on most Danish farms.
  http://www.lr.dk
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• Colour and Shape Analysis Techniques for Weed Detection in Cereal Fields
  Pérez, A.J., F. López, J.V. Benlloch-Dualde & S. Christensen
  Abstract: Information on weed distribution within the field is necessary to implement spatially variable herbicide application. This paper deals with the development of near-ground image capture and processing techniques in order to detect broad leaf weeds in cereal crops, under actual field conditions. The proposed methods use both colour and shape analysis techniques for discriminating crop, weeds and soil. The performance of algorithms was assessed by comparing the results with a human classification, providing a good success rate. The study shows the potential of using image processing techniques to generate weed maps.
  http://www.miron.upv.es
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• A Comprehensive Sow Model for Aid Decision
  Plà, L.M., J. Pomar & J.L. Noguera
  Abstract: Abstract: This paper presents an intuitive simulation model, based on a stochastic dynamic model using object oriented programming. The model aim is to represent sow production throught reproduction and replacement management. The approach is applied to simulate herd dynamics induced by that model. An alternative dynamic model implementation has been developed for calculating the impact of different management strategies on future sow performance. The primary model could be aggregated in a complex one and easily modified for representing farm behaviour.
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• The Entry, Description and Extraction of Data by Accessing the ERA Database from the World Wide Web
  Potts, J.M., P.J. Verrier & R.W. Payne
  Abstract: The Electronic Rothamsted Archive (ERA) is a well proven method of storing disparate sets of data relating to agricultural experiments. It has data browsing and extraction services and these have been offered over the World Wide Web. This paper describes the incorporation of a data dictionary into ERA and an extension to the web services offered by ERA to enable comprehensive browsing of the available data, including the precise data dictionary definitions of the fields. The use of a standard data dictionary will facilitate the transfer of data between collaborating workers in different organisations.
  http://www.res.bbsrc.ac.uk/era
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• Sample Testing And Reporting System STARS
  Pullen, G.
  Abstract: Computerisation offers obvious benefits to laboratories involved in sample testing and reporting in terms of work flow efficiency and enhanced speed and accuracy of results reporting to the customer. The paper describes how such a system, known as STARS, was developed at NIAB to improve the workflow between departments involved in the testing of seed and other plant materials, and have the flexibility to enable users to rapidly define and implement new tests and reports.
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• Modeling of Lysimeter Data Using the Simulation Model CANDY to Interpret Water and Nitrogen Flow
  Ramsbeck, M., U. Franko & U. Steinhardt
  Abstract: Information systems are a useful instrument to reexecute soil processes for planning agricultural steps. Modeling and simulation of water and matter flows supply valuable information about nitrogen losses of various soils under different management conditions. Thus a great number of such models is able to assess risks for the environment. Field experiments represent an important method to verify such simulation results. CANDY (Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics) is a one-dimensional transport model that uses weather data on daily basis, soil and management informations as input for simulation. Comparison of simulated results with measurement data of the Lysimeter station Brandis/Germany will give information about transferring the model CANDY into particular regions and about problems of adapting the model parameters.
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• European Union Telematic Applications Research Activities with Relevance to Agricultural and Rural Development
  Reily, V.
  Abstract: The Commission of the European Communities has been active in developing the use of computing and telecommunications in scientific information processing in agriculture for almost thirty years. Initially it concentrated its efforts on the introduction of these technologies to assist the dissemination of scientific information. Since the early eighties it has extended its support from farming to agriculture in its broadest sense. Projects have been funded in software development to support most aspects of farming, research and extension. It seems probable that this shall continue in the fifth Framework Programme. Some possible areas of application are indicated and the conditions for participation are discussed.
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• DEMENET - The DEMETER Project
  Riedling, E., K.M. Göschka & R. Ramharter
  Abstract: With DEMETER we enhance the quality of life for farmers in isolated rural areas by providing easy access to farming specific education, farming specific teleservices, tourism information systems, farming specific counselling. With introducing telematics based product marketing we create new jobs, too.
  http://http://demenet.ict.tuwien.ac.at
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• Standardization of Data Models for Crop Variety Trials
  Rijgersberg, H. & J.L. Top
  Abstract: A crop variety trial typically yields a large number of data. A datamodel is needed to describe the structure of these data and to explain the meaning of the data. Without using an explicit datamodel it is impossible to interpret the data correctly. In addition, a datamodel offers the opportunity for discussion about the experimental methods and goals. A datamodel is described in terms of a formal language. This paper describes two alternative languages and their mutual relation. SFD is a proposed standard format for describing experimental data in agricultural research. On the other hand EXPRESS is an information modelling language that is part of the ISO standard STEP. We compare SFD with EXPRESS and show that SFD can indeed be translated to EXPRESS descriptions. In addition we describe the construction of new, application specific layers on top of the standard data model language. Such a new layer consists of carefully chosen data model templates. By using data model templates the freedom of the datamodel designer is kept, yet data exchange and interpretation can be further supported.
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• The Farm Management and Decision Support System in Estonia
  Rütel, A.
  Abstract: The Farm management and decision support system named TALUTARK was established by Estonian Farmers' Central Union and is developing with assistance the ad hoc working groups from Estonian Agricultural University. The main goal of system is farm level data acquisition and processing together with knowledge basis of agricultural science and market information. This principle with well structured output and user friendly interface allows to prepare a new, more wide and rational 'thinking-framework' for recognizing and solving farmers' problems not only by information and formal knowledge but also by high-level intuition. The TALUTARK has a modular, integrated by common databases, structure.
  http://www.agronet.ee
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• Data Transmission in AGIS, the Swiss Federal Information System for Agricultural Policy Management
  Sandoz, A.
  Abstract: The IT section of the Swiss Federal Bureau of Agriculture is building an information system to manage policy measures and provide decision support to its staff. A precise representation of each production unit is necessary, which is fully updated every year with new data. The paper presents the problem of transmitting data to the system in a dynamic, heterogeneous, distributed environment. This is an application-to-application communication, at level 7 of the basic ISO Open Systems Interconnection model, between many different sources and a central database.
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• Usability Test of Farm Management Software
  Sepstrup, J. & M. Jørgensen
  Abstract: Testing farm management-software with a low-budget usability lab is part of the development of a new Farm Management System at The Danish Agricultural Advisory Centre. Farmers and local advisors are invited to test the usability early in the process of developing the new system.
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• Situations and Problems of Information Technology in Japanese Agriculture
  Shio, K.
  Abstract: We have several New-media such as Off-talk Communication, FAX Communication System, CATV, Personal Computer Communication, Captain, Satellite Communication System, Television Telephone System and Internet now for agricultural information. This paper explains about the situations of usage of these New-media in Japan with some examples and mentions some problems when we apply these information technology to rural area.
  http://www.ibaraki.ac.jp
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• Constructing a Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendation System Around the dynamic Nitrogen turnover Model, SUNDIAL
  Smith, J.U., A.G. Dailey, M.J Glendining, N.J Bradbury, Tom M. Addiscott, J.U. Smith & P. Taylor
  Abstract: An effective fertilizer recommendation system requires information on seasonal variations in soil mineral nitrogen and nutrient requirements of the crop. This can be provided by the dynamic model, SUNDIAL (Bradbury, et al, 1993; Smith, et al., 1996). Work presented here formalises farmers' requirements into a system prototype. Inputs should be entered both by menu and tabular format, have user-selected units, be supported by context-sensitive help, and be compatible with commonly used farm recording packages. Recommendations should be provided both for the field and across the whole farm. Turnover processes should be illustrated graphically.
  http://yacorba.res.bbsrc.ac.uk/depts/soils/sundial
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• Using a Data Catalog in a Regional Information Network in Agriculture
  Spilke, J. & B. Flemig
  Abstract: The integration of all regional agricultural information sources leads to a very complex information web. Such a web requires a metadata base for administration and navigation. An approach for regional uses (RDC, Regional Data Catalog) is described (structure, organizational and technical principles).
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• Estimation of Farmers' Management Needs: Toward Multi-Function Software
  Steffe, J.
  Abstract: This paper describes the state of the art of the French agricultural software market showing that the multitude of programmes available do not meet the demand of end-users. Thereafter, it reports a study carried out at the ENITA de Bordeaux which implicates deeply the end-user in the setting-up of a new tool and the aim of which is to produce an integrated product which better meets the demand.
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• ESS-EIS Prototype for a Middle-Class Structured Branch; The Agricultural Commodity Business
  Suhren, V., R. Helbig & G.W. Schiefer
  Abstract: This paper discusses an approach to design an Executive Support and Information System (ESS-EIS) as a branch solution for the middle class structured German agricultural commodity business. The state of the project is shown and the way how to get an empirical accepted prototype and the prototype itself are explained.
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• Data Warehouse - A New Tool in Extension Service to Swedish Milkproducers
  Swensson, C. & B. Sederblad
  Abstract: A Data warehouse is one or several databases which contain the information that is needed for tactical or strategic decisions. It is also possible that it contains data which are needed for administration. The databases should be developed for PC environment. In Sweden an example is a Data Warehouse developed to get a more effecient extension service to dairy farmers.
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• Experiences from Benchmarking in Swedish Milkproduction
  Swensson, C., C. Påhlstorp, P. Sandgren, B. Sederblad & A. Herlin
  Abstract: The economic pressure in Swedish milkproduction has increased during the last years. To be more effecient in the extension work towards the farmers a new benchmarking concept has been developed. The software utilises both information from the book accounting and the official Swedish milkrecording. A survey have been made from farmers partipicating the course during the winterseason 1995/96. The preliminary results shows a big variation in net profit per kg milk among the dairy farmers. There were significant negative correlations between net profit and the cost of labour and the cost of capital.
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• A Method to Quantify Effects Attributable to Management Information Systems in Livestock Farming
  Tomaszewski, M.A., A.A. Dijkhuizen, A.G. Hengeveld & H. Wilmink
  Abstract: Although central calculation and maintenance of pig and dairy management data bases have occurred for close to 50 years in the Netherlands and US, the movement is toward on-farm calculation and maintenance of databases. These systems provide real time access to the farm data base thereby increasing the potential value, both managerially and economically, in making decisions. Data from pig and dairy farms were obtained from their respective central processing systems and evaluated using PROC GLM in SAS. In both cases, significant effects were found attributed to the use of MIS in these herds. Economic evaluation show returns to investment of 220% to 348% for pigs and 52% to 205 % for dairy.
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• The French Feed Database: A National Network for Collecting and Disseminating Data About Feedstuff Composition and Nutritive Value
  Tran, G. & O. Lapierre
  Abstract: The French Feed Database collects, stores and disseminates data about the chemical composition and nutritive value of the raw materials used in animal feeding. It operates as the hub of a network of 20 organisations - research institutes, trade organisations, raw material producers and feed compounders -, who provide most of the data, half of the financial support, and are also the principal users of the Database. Data are disseminated on request or through a stand-alone computerised feed composition table. The French Feed Database participates in national and international programmes about feed quality.
  http://www.inapg.inra.fr/dsa/iobdaa/iobdaa.htm
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• Interpolation and Interpretation for Field Scale Decision Making
  Turner, S.T.D., R.B. James & S.G. Anthony
  Abstract: Yield mapping combine harvesters are capable of the continuous mapping of cereal yields. Explanations for the observed variability are frequently based upon the interpolation of soil data from a limited number of point samples. The point soil data and yield surface are integrated using the algorithms provided within mapping software and geographical information systems (GIS) that are increasingly available to the non-specialist in spatial analyses. The surfaces and correlations produced are particularly sensitive to the choice and parameterisation of the algorithms, much of which is done within a 'black-box' environment. Furthermore, it is rarely established that spatial auto-correlation exists at the scale of sampling. Hence, interpolation may not always be valid. This can have a significant impact on the interpretation of the data and the process of field scale decision making. This paper discusses the consequences of using different interpolation algorithms and methods of visualisation, using examples from agricultural field consultancy within the United Kingdom. The authors conclude that a number of treatment classes should be defined for a few zones, rather than attempting to continuously vary application rates in response to an inaccurate model of the soil nutrient surface.
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• The Decision Support System KMETIJA - A Tool to Help Farmers at Production- Economic Decision-Making
  Udovc, A.
  Abstract: The paper presents the decision support system KMETIJA (Farm) which is intended to be used by farmers, extension workers, decision makers and other subjects active in agriculture and rural areas. KMETIJA consists of three parts: data banks, simulation core and financial calculations. The simulation core consists of two submodels which are used to simulate farm's plant and animal production. The results of the simulation are further used for financial calculations and for elaborating a production plan which includs labour force and agricultural machinery balance. In the financial calculations liquidity, profit and investments decisions are calculated.
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• The Potential of Applying Decision Support Systems to Improve Agrotechnology Transfer in the Rainfed Areas of the Loess Plateau in China
  Wang, P., G. Hoogenboom & D. Qu
  Abstract: Three soils in the Loess Plateau were selected to explore the potential of applying the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT) crop models in the areas and to test the CERES-Wheat model under DSSAT shell. The predicted maturity dates and grain yields were similar to the actual measured values. The manural loessial soil had the highest productivity. The loessial soil had the lowest productivity. Predicted yields for different terrains of the loessial soil showed that the soil in the plain lands and the table lands had a higher productivity than that of the slope lands and the terraces.
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• Deriving Chrysanthemum Leaf Shape Descriptions for Variety Testing from Digital Images
  Warren, D.
  Abstract: This paper describes work being carried out at the National Institute of Agricultural Botany to develop a machine vision system that assesses the shape of chrysanthemum leaves as part of the testing procedure applied to new chrysanthemum varieties before they are granted protection under the UK's Plant Breeder's Rights Scheme. After outlining the testing procedure and the characters used to describe the leaf shape the paper illustrates the methods used to classify shape and concludes with a comparison of the results obtained by the machine with more conventional assessments.
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• Monitoring Food Production with GIS via the Internet
  Widbom, T. & M. Lindholm
  Abstract: The management and monitoring of agricultural and environmental resources and the origin of foods are of increasing importance today. GIS have proved to be important tools in solving problems encountered. Advances in the capabilities of the Web language have enabled information providers to include animation and interactive elements in their web sites. These developments have expanded the potential of the GIS world. The Internet Map Server provides a framework for requests and for delivering information to Web browsers from a GIS application on their WWW server. The result is ready access to maps and information anywhere on the Internet.
  http://www.mtt.fi
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• Aspects of Modelling Information Flows within an EIS for the Food-Industry
  Witschnig, J.
  Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the modelling of information flow inside an EIS. First it will be explained what an EIS is and which importance information flow has in an EIS. Then, compar-ing with other information systems, the differences will be investigated to those systems and their information flow. Finally the proceeding of practical modelling that leads to an adequate information flow model will be shown. Aspects of this proceeding are the analysis of informa-tion needs and database analysis. An additional aspect is the evaluation of mathematical methods for the determination of the optimal distribu-tion of information. These methods have the benefit to evaluate the in-formation distribution, to avoid the arbitrary distribution of information and to adept the information to the users various needs.
  http://www.edv.agrar.tu-muenchen.de/blm/bwl/personen/wi.htm
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• Dynamic Product Flow Model for a Mixed Ecological Farm
  Wolfert, J., E.A. Goewie & A.J.M. Beulens
  Abstract: This paper discusses a project, introducing a dynamic product flow model for optimizing mixed ecological farms. Mixed ecological farms focus upon closing cycles and management is based on control of ecological processes. The aim is to provide a tool for farmers to tune their farm to its specific ecological, economical and social environment. The production process is modeled in terms of cyclic product flows. The process informatics (PI) connects the process level with the management level and provides an interface for supervisory control, quality assurance and process optimization. The model specifies and supports the development of an effective decision behavior.
  http://www.spb.wau.nl/info/people/Sjaak_Wolfert/project.html
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• An Economic Threshold Model for Controlling Tick-Induced; Disease and Productivity Losses in Cattle
  Young, D.L. & H.H. Haantuba
  Abstract: Economic threshold infestations of ticks were computed by equating the cost to the benefit of dipping. Both liveweight gain and disease control benefits were considered and a probability-based disease control benefit function was used. When only noninfectious ticks were present, the economic threshold based on liveweight gain was three ticks per calf using 1994 Zambian prices. For disease-infectious tick species, the threshold recommended dipping whenever any ticks were present. If disease control benefits are omitted, as in some past work, thresholds will be overstated and dipping recommendations understated when infectious ticks are present.
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